贫困地区农业技术推广新模式：发展小区域农业技术推广户 ——基于甘肃省部分贫困县的调查思考

（1甘肃农业大学经济管理学院，兰州 730070；2兰州资源环境职业技术学院，兰州 730020）     

我国农村·农民贫困根源的实证分析

我国农村、农民的贫困直接表现为 :农民收入过低、收入增幅呈逐年下降趋势 ;农民贫富差距悬殊、两极分化严重 ;城乡差距进一步拉大。而我国农村、农民贫困的根源主要表现在 :小农户、大市场的矛盾 ;农村教育水平极端落后 ;农业剩余劳动力转移不畅 ;农村社会保障制度滞后 ;国家财政对农业、农村投入不足。     

高原沟壑区小流域不同收入水平农户土地经营行为差异研究

通过对高原沟壑区长武王东沟小流域农户的实地调查,对不同收入水平农户土地经营行为的差异作了初步探索。结果表明:收入水平越高,园地比例越大,耕地比例越小;在单位面积园地上的投入量表现为高收入户>低收入户>中收入户,但收入水平越高的农户越注重技术投入;农户收入越高对土地的投入总量占纯收入的比例越小,但对园地的投入占总投入量的比例越高;在粮食作物种植中,高收入户更倾向于对口粮作物进行高投入,中收入户和低收入户对口粮作物和饲料粮作物投入差别不明显。     

苏中地区稻茬小麦生产措施采用特征与效益调研分析

为进一步明确江苏苏中地区小麦生产情况,通过发放问卷调查表的形式,获取了代表苏中的兴化和高邮两市2016—2020年度小麦生产调研数据,明确了该区域从事小麦生产的农户以51~60岁中老年劳动者为主,农户受教育程度以初中为主,迫切需要农业新技术,但接受能力偏低。不同农户田间小麦播期、播种量和肥料施用量均有明显差异。在10月26日—11月5日播种,采用211~240 kg/hm²的播种量易获得高产。两地农户平均施氮水平分别为308 kg/hm²和281 kg/hm²,部分农户施氮量高于350 kg/hm²时,产量不增反减。在播期、播量和施氮量作用下,兴化和高邮市小麦平均产量分别为6129.64 kg/hm²和6788.25 kg/hm²,农户间高产水平与低产水平间的产量差值分别为2270.36 kg/hm²、1611.75 kg/hm²。不同种麦规模获得的经济效益不同,种植面积为6.67~20 hm²时大多数农户能获得较高收益,仅极少数农户出现亏损,面积超过33.33 hm²的农户亏损占比较高,有收益农户单位面积种麦效益偏低。综上所述,苏中地区农户种植小麦规模20 hm²左右,采用播期10月26日—11月15日、播种量200~240 kg/hm²、施氮量为250~300 kg/hm²的生产措施可以获得较高产量和收益。建议在苏中地区推广使用。     

低温热水地板供暖系统简述

本文介绍了低温热水地板供暖系统的特点。对设计中存在的几个问题进行分析:热负荷计算问题、户内系统阻力损失和地板加热盘管敷设形式及间距选择问题。     

农户经济周期理论分析

本文分析农户经济和农户经济周期的特征以及学术界对其量化不准的缘由后,设计构建出能准确反映农户经济周期变化规律的数学模型。     

Validation of the accuracy of household reporting of subsistence fishing catch and effort: a Fijian case study

Abstract  The accuracy of household reporting of subsistence fishing catch and effort and seafood consumption on the Fijian island of Ono-i-Lau was studied. A creel survey was carried out concurrently to validate the household survey data. Reported estimates of fishing participation, effort, and fish consumption were not significantly different to the creel survey estimates. Householder's appeared to overestimate the number of fish from the most abundant family Lethrinidae, and underestimate rarer fish. However, there was no significant difference between the reported and observed contribution of the majority of finfish families and invertebrate taxa. The reported and observed catch rate estimates were not significantly different, indicating that Ono-i-Lau villagers are relatively accurate in their estimation of the number and size of fish from recalled catches.     

农户家庭生命周期及其经济运行研究

家庭组织是农户特有的一处经济组织形式，本研究运用全国农村固定观察点山西太谷县武家庄村的调查资料，着重研究了农户经济状况和家庭决策模式与农户家庭生命周期的关系。结果表明：两者都与农户家庭生命周期密切相关。为此，应当对农户家庭生命周期规律引起高度的重视。     

Survey on the Listeria contamination of ready-to-eat food products and household environments in Vienna, Austria

Qualitative and quantitative contamination of ready-to-eat food-stuffs with the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes was studied in 1586 samples collected from 103 supermarkets (n = 946) and 61 households (n = 640) in Vienna, Austria. Seventeen groups of ready-to-eat foods were classified into three risk categories for contamination (CP1-CP3). Three to four samples were randomly collected at the retail level from each CP. Regarding the households, the sampling procedure was started with food items of CP1, and if not available, was continued with sampling of food items of CP2 and finally of CP3. Additionally, 184 environmental samples (swabs from the kitchen area, dust samples from the vacuum cleaner) and faecal samples (household members and pet animals) were included. One-hundred and twenty-four (13.1%) and 45 (4.8%) samples out of 946 food samples collected from food retailers tested positive for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, respectively, with five smoked fish samples exceeding the tolerated limit of 100 CFU/g food. Food-stuffs associated with the highest risk of contamination were twice as frequently contaminated with L. monocytogenes as food-stuffs associated with a medium risk of contamination. Products showing the highest contamination rate were fish and seafood (19.4%), followed by raw meat sausages (6.3%), soft cheese (5.5%) and cooked meat products/patés (4.5%). The overall contamination rate of foods collected at the household level was more than two times lower. Only 5.6% and 1.7% of 640 food-stuffs analysed tested positive for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes, respectively. However, CP1 foods were rarely collected. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing of the collected L. monocytogenes isolates revealed a high degree of diversity between the isolates, with some exceptions. PFGE typing of isolates harvested from green-veined cheese revealed a match among strains, although the manufacturer seemed to be distinguishable. Typing of household strains revealed an epidemiological link within one family. In this case, food-stuffs and the kitchen environment were contaminated by an indistinguishable isolate. In addition, the same isolate was collected from a pooled faecal sample of the household members suggesting that consumption of even low contaminated food items (<100 CFU/g) results in Listeria shedding after the passage through the gut.     

我国农业经济组织“公司＋农户”模式问题缺陷分析

“公司＋农户”模式是我国主要的农业经济组织形式,本文对”公司＋农户”模式的缺陷从契约的角度进行了研究。其中,契约角度的分析从契约的不稳定性、契约的利益联结机制的不完备、准租金的挤占问题等方面进行展开。